![]() Being a citizen of India at the time of, or at any time after the commencement of the Constitution i.e.Evidence of self or parents or grandparents or great grandparents.In case application is submitted in India, copy of any type of Visa (other than Missionary Visa and Mountaineering Visa)/Residential Permit with 3 months validity as on the date of application.Proof of present citizenship– Copy of present valid passport (applicable in all cases), with validity of minimum 6 months at the time of submission of application.List of supporting documents required to be submitted with the application are :. Domestic Violence | Deserted Indian Women.India Development Foundation of Overseas Indians. ![]()
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![]() Means answering Good on a card for the first time will show it one When cards are seen for the first time, they start at step one. When cards are in relearning, the "Easy" button boosts the interval by 1 day. Shown if you are in relearning mode as it would give the same interval In the v1 scheduler, the "Easy" button will not be Later, and then at increasingly long delays. By default, the card will be shown again 4 days Byĭefault, once the card has reached the end of the learning steps, theĬard will be shown again the next day, then at increasingly long delaysĮasy immediately converts the card into a review card, even if there ![]() Step, the card is converted into a review card (it 'graduates'). If the card is on any subsequent step, Hard repeats the previous delay.If the card is on the first step and the you have configured more than one step, the delay will be the average of Again and Good, i.e., the average of the first two steps.But, this delay is at most one day larger than the step. If the card is on the first (and the only) step, the delay is 50% larger than the step.There are four rating buttons when learning:Īgain moves the card back to the first step. Steps and the delays between them in the deck options. By default thereĪre two steps: 1 minute and 10 minutes. When learning new cards, or when relearning cards that you haveįorgotten, Anki will show you the cards one or more times to help you You don’t trust yourself to compare your answer accurately, you can askĪnki to prompt you to type in the answer rather than With the answer which is shown and tell Anki how well you remembered. When the answer is shown, you should compare the answer you thought of You a little while to recall the answer, but as a general rule if youĬan’t answer within about 10 seconds, it’s probably better to give upĪnd show the answer than keep struggling to remember. Thinking about the answer, either click the Show Answer button, or When a card is shown, only the question is shown at first. While studying, you can return to the overview by pressing the s key Proceed to show you cards until the cards to be shown for the day have To start a study session, click the Study Now button. May see how many cards will be buried in grey: If you have Bury siblings activated in your deck options, you The cards are split into three types: New, Learning, and To Review. This is called the 'deck overview' screen: Study OverviewĪfter clicking on a deck to study, you’ll see a screen that shows you ![]() You can click the gears button to the right of a deck to rename orĭelete a deck, change its options, or export it. (You can also use the Studyĭeck action in the menu to select a new deck from the keyboard, or youĬan press the s key to study the currently selected deck.) You can return to the deck list toĬhange the currently selected deck at any time by clicking on “Decks” at When you click on a deck, it will become the 'current deck', and Anki New, Learn and Due (To Review)Ĭards for that day will be also displayed here. On the decks screen, your decks and subdecks will be displayed in a list. Study in Anki is limited to the currently selected deck as well as any When you have found a deck you like or entered some notes in, it’s time The candle gives off a good, strong, and lasting fragrance. ![]() Eventually, it gets hot enough to melt the entire candle. Given the way these candle warmers work, it is the base of the candle that melts first. When powered on, this disc gets hot and transfers the heat to the candle via conduction. These warmers employ a small disc, upon which the candle is placed. Hot plate candle warmers were perhaps the first on the scene. Now’s the time to get to know them better. The Two Main Types Of Candle WarmersĪs discussed in previous sections, there are two types of candle warmers. They can prevent the candle wax from sufficiently heating up, especially over plate warmer type candle warmers. However, some materials, like thick concrete containers, might pose a problem. In most cases, the material of the candle container isn’t an issue when using the warmer. There is a wide variety of materials used for candle containers. As the candle wax melts, the container ensures that the wax doesn’t drip or flow out of the candle. ![]() Users don’t need to light up or burn the candle for the candle wax warmer to work.Ĭandle warmers provide a flameless way to use scented candles.Īnother thing to keep in mind here is that candle warmers work with candles inside a container. Thanks to the molten wax, the fragrance oils start diffusing and releasing their fragrance. Whatever heating method is used, what a candle warmer does is get the wax in a scented candle hot enough to melt.Īs the wax melts, the fragrance oil in the scented candle gets unlocked. Conventionally, they include either a lamp or a heating plate. If I wasn’t eating their chicken salad it would be roast beef with mustard. Loved their chicken salad so much, I can still taste it. It’s made from raw carrots, balsamic vinegar, thyme, olive oil, and garlic so overpowering the flavor of the sandwich is impossible 16. 4 Mix mayonnaise, yogurt (or sour cream), lemon juice, and brown sugar in another bowl, adding salt and pepper to taste. ![]() They would serve it on beautiful onion bun ( I can’t find them that tasted that good). These roasted carrots make an excellent snack with a dip, as a side to pork chops, or too creamy chicken salad sandwiches. 3 Chop all of your fruits and veggies and place them in a bowl with the chicken. Place the top on the croissant and serve immediately. Scoop about 1/4 of the chicken salad onto the bottom of each croissant. Slice the croissant rolls in half horizontally. Cover and refrigerate for at least 1 hour, up to 1 day ahead. They would make it homemade fresh daily boiling the chickens, everything from scratch. In a medium mixing bowl, mix the shredded chicken with the green onions, mayonnaise, and pepper. Slice the croissants in half, separating top from bottom. Food Evolution How many calories are in Chicken Salad On Croissant Amount of calories in Chicken Salad On Croissant: Calories 469.3, Calories from Fat 180 (. Mix the dressing together with the ingredients for the chicken salad. Weigh the mayonnaise in a bowl on a scale, whisk together with orange juice, salt, and pepper until smooth. I would eat there a few times a week for lunch in high school. 8 of your favorite bakery’s large croissants. The other memory was a deli I ate at in Grand Prairie, Texas, Roof’s Delicatessen. Delicious! She would serve it on a toasted bread sandwich or she’d use an ice cream scoop and pile it in a tomato for a beautiful stuffed tomato! Chicken Salad Croissant Everything was chopped so finely, she’d just add some mayonaise and a little sweet relish. She would grind the chicken in a meat grinder, the kind you’d have to turn the handle and you anchored it to the table. My grandmother had a cafe and she always had chicken Salad on her menu. roast or poached chicken, skin peeled off and diced 1 stalk celery, diced 1 tbsp chopped walnuts 1 tbsp raisins or dried currants 1 tbsp. ![]() Pile chicken salad on top of soft and fluffy potato buns. Lightly sweet and soft, Hawaiian rolls are a great choice to make a chicken salad sandwich. Next, stir in the chicken, celery, grapes and cashews until it is evenly coated. I purchased mine from HEB, here’s the link but they have them at most major stores. Light, flaky croissants are one of the most popular breads to serve with chicken salad. Stir in green onions, brown sugar, fresh dill, salt, garlic powder, and black pepper until combined. They have my homemade chicken salad and I buttered the bread a little and toasted it in a skillet. I went with the small size and they are just the perfect couple of bites sandwich. Let cool and cut up for chicken salad.I love these Chicken Salad Croissants. Grill at 400 until internal temperature reaches 170 degrees. If you want to use grilled chicken like I do, season chicken cutlets with sea salt, pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, paprika, and oregano on both sides and drizzle with olive oil. (Add ¼ Cup Chopped Pecans or Walnuts if you like them.) Add these to the bowl along with a half of a cup of mayonnaise. Dice red onion, apple, and celery into a fine dice. ![]() Put the diced chicken into a big mixing bowl. I made six dishes this day plus a delicious iced tea so I was happy to use high quality store-bought croissants. Be sure to remove any fat, bone, and cartilage. Cover and chill in the fridge for at least 4. ![]() Pour the mayo sauce over the chicken salad and stir to combine and thoroughly coat the salad. In a medium-sized bowl, add the remaining ingredients to make the sauce and stir to combine. Just look at how flaky they are! One thing I learned from Ina Garten is that when it comes to entertaining, you don’t have to make every single thing. Place the diced chicken, celery, green onions and grapes in a large mixing bowl and stir to combine. You can of course bake your own croissants but I found super high-quality croissants in the freezer section at the store. I use leftover grilled chicken and twice the amount of grapes that most people use, plus Greek yogurt instead of mayonnaise, which lets the flavors sing, and I bright it up with lemon zest and juice. Making mini chicken salad croissants as part of a tea sandwich flight Need lunch inspiration? Make adorable mini chicken salad croissants! I came up with this recipe for Disney Dinners: Mary Poppins Returns but I’ve been making this chicken salad for nearly a decade. ![]() ![]() Our trainers guide you through a variety of stretching exercises, helping you to improve your flexibility, increase your range of motion and enhance your posture.īut don’t be fooled into thinking this is an easy class – flexibility training is a vital component of overall fitness and requires patience and consistency. This class focuses on lengthening the muscles, improving mobility, and reducing muscle tension. Our Stretch & Flexibility class is the perfect counterbalance to our more intensive gym classes. ![]() Whether you’re a seasoned weightlifter or a beginner looking to increase your strength, our Strength group fitness class provides an encouraging space for you to work towards your fitness goals. With each session, you’ll be pushing your personal boundaries and testing your limits in a supportive and motivating environment. Guided by our skilled trainers, you’ll learn the correct technique to lift safely while maximising your workout. Through a combination of weight and resistance training exercises, you’ll engage various muscle groups, enhancing your overall body strength and toning your physique. The Strength gym class at Anytime Fitness Knox will help you build muscle, increase power, and improve endurance. The varying work times create an intense workout that targets your core and glutes from all angles, leaving you feeling strong and toned. This session includes six stations with five sets per station, using both body weight and free weights for added resistance. Whatever the reason, a strong and fit booty is all the rage!Īnd so we’ve got just the gym class to get you there: JFIT Core & Booty, the ultimate workout to build definition in your core and glute muscles. It’s a great way to improve your cardiovascular fitness, agility, and hand-eye coordination, and is one of the gym classes you’re bound to get hooked on. ![]() This means you give your all with the combos learned in the session, interspersed with bodyweight exercises that provide a killer workout. Knockout Boxing is an enjoyable workout that consists of 3-minute rounds with a 1-minute rest period. Reserve your spot now! KNOCKOUT – BOXING CLASSES This group fitness class is suitable for all fitness levels, so don’t be intimidated – your 100 per cent may or may not be the same as the person next to you! This high-intensity interval training style workout includes eight sets of fast-paced exercises, each performed for 20 seconds, with a brief rest of 10 seconds in between. Tabata is one of the ideal gym classes if you’re short on time but still want an effective workout. So, if you’re looking to break a sweat and push your limits, our HIIT class is just the ticket! TABATA Regardless of your fitness level, our trainers adapt the exercises to ensure everyone can partake and challenge themselves. Our certified trainers will guide you through an adrenaline-pumping routine that maximises fat burning and enhances cardiovascular health. HIIT group fitness classes at Anytime Fitness Knox are designed to give you an all-round workout that targets various muscle groups. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is your secret weapon in achieving effective, time-efficient workouts.Īs the name suggests, this gym class involves quick bursts of high-intensity exercises followed by short rest periods. The Best Gym Classes In Knox Are Waiting For You Choose healthy food your goal should be to ultimately kill fat for good, not just the weight in the short term. It helps reduce your calorie intake, but it doesn’t mean you shouldn’t focus on the quality of the food you eat. Tracking your calories is a proven way to be in control of your diet. You can see the carbs, proteins, and fats for every meal. What’s different about it is it breaks down your daily, monthly, and meal per meal intake right down to the specifics. This app has features we’ve already seen: a food diary, exercise log, barcode scanning, and healthy recipes. You can even customize the avatar to look similar to yourself. And if you’re buying the pro version, you’ll also enjoy a weight chart, points system, and a panic button for cravings. Its main features are Diet Diary, Perseverance Tips, Motivational Photos, and Reminders. My Diet Coach is a unique calorie-counting app-it tackles the mental hurdles associated with weight loss. My Journey with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) My Diet Coach If you want to enjoy the app to its full potential, you might need to pay for the Pro version priced at around P200. You can also keep track of your heart rate, blood glucose, and cholesterol level. It does the standard stuff-tracking what you eat and allowing you to connect to fitness devices. MyNetDiary is not as comprehensive as MyFitnessPal and Lose It!, but it’s a good basic calorie counter. What we like about this app is that you can access challenges and get inspiration from other users. It has a barcode scanner that allows you to quickly input new food into the database. Much like MyFitnessPal, it lets you set your weight and fat goals, as well as hydration, daily exercise, body measurements, nutrients, and sleep. You simply need to input your vitals and what you want to achieve, and the app will quickly estimate how many calories your body burns without additional exercise. For a 150-lb person, that’s about 30 minutes of singles tennis or. Burn an extra 250 calories through physical activity. Try these strategies: Cut 250 calories from your daily diet. You can do this by eating less, being more active, or both. This app is generally successful, and for a good reason. To lose 1 pound a week, you need to cut 500 calories per day. Nothing beats peer pressure in helping you put down that fork after one slice of cake. With the MyFitnessPal app, you can connect with friends and check in on each other’s progress. One of the best ways to stick to a healthy diet is to find people that will pressure you into doing so. With that said, here are some of the must-try free apps: MyFitnessPal These apps let you log your meals and count your daily calories using searchable nutrition databases. Luckily, it’s 2017, and there’s an app for everything, including calorie-counting apps. ![]() While this can help beat flabby arms and a huge tummy, tracking calories isn’t a fun or interesting process for most of us. So, what do you do if you want to lose weight and still enjoy the food? Try keeping a food diary. ![]() Staying in shape is tough, especially if you live in the Philippines where it’s so easy to stop for a Chickenjoy takeout or a cup of kwek kwek on your way home. ![]() Taylor Pardue What this Crossbow Does Best These characteristics make it perfect for use in a treestand, in a ground blind, and for offhand shots. The CenterPoint CP400 is lightweight, narrow even when uncocked, and adjustable for length of pull thanks to a telescoping buttstock. I was trying to highlight the crossbow’s narrow axle-to-axle width, but upon reviewing the images, I also noticed how seamlessly its TrueTimber camouflage blended into the trunk. I set the CP400 up against a poplar to take some photos while conducting my review. The stock itself is MILSPEC, but the buffer tube is slightly undersized to allow the Silent Crank to be mounted on it. The CP400’s fit can be adjusted via a telescoping buttstock similar to what you’ll find on an AR-15. The CP400’s light weight, short length, narrow width, and textured inserts on the pistol grip and forend made this crossbow a breeze to carry and operate. I didn’t hear much improvement, but I certainly wouldn’t let that keep me from considering this crossbow for hunting. The crossbow features two string stoppers made of gray polymer that CenterPoint claims also help with string vibration and noise. The CP400 wasn’t loud, but it wasn’t exactly quiet, either. There was a bit more cocking effort required for the CP400 than with slower crossbows, given its 200-pound draw weight, but that’s to be expected from such a fast rig. I tested the CP400 with a rope cocker and one of CenterPoint’s aptly named Silent Crank cocking devices-both of which were effective. When I finally did, the CP400 went back to drilling the target. I was on a slight slope and thought I had corrected for it in my hold, but I apparently had not. I noticed that a few of my longer shots were hitting to the left. ![]() I’d recommend adding a bubble level to the scope’s Picatinny rail, though. ![]() When paired with the scope, I was able to easily hit my target out to 80 yards. The CP400 is flat-shooting because of its speed, and the stirrup bipod definitely helps keep things steady on long shots. You can often get by with standard targets for slower crossbows, but not with the CP400. Be sure to buy a target that is specifically rated for crossbows. A sub-$1,000 crossbow that can spit arrows at 400 fps is a tremendous value, and when paired with this CenterPoint 3x32mm scope, it becomes even more so. ![]() Some of its competitors are faster, but not by much, and they often cost a good deal more in order to be so. The CenterPoint CP400 is pretty much the fastest crossbow you’ll ever need, clocking in at its advertised 400 fps with the aforementioned arrows. (The 1/3 Scale Woodland Elk is rated for crossbows, but given the fact that I have tested broadheads on this target in the past, the CP400’s arrows were often able to go halfway through the target even at 80 yards.) Suffice it to say, the trigger was crisp and light enough to produce the accuracy mentioned below How the CenterPoint CP400 Performed Speed I would normally have used a trigger pull scale to measure the CP400’s trigger weight, but this crossbow was so fast that, had I fired it at a close enough range to ensure hitting the target, I would have probably blown clean through the foam. I used a Primos Trigger Stick Gen 3 tall tripod to steady the CP400 out to 50 yards, then I switched to using the crossbow’s integrated bipod at 60, 70, and 80 yards. Next, I shot a Rinehart 1/3 Scale Woodland Elk foam target from 20 to 80 yards in 10-yard increments. My digital arrow weight scale put the average total arrow weight at just a hair over 400 grains. I tested my CP400 by shooting the 20-inch carbon arrows and 100-grain field points that CenterPoint ships with it through a chronograph. This results in impressive speed and accuracy, with a compact overall design as an added benefit.ĬenterPoint also includes several hunting accessories with the CP400 to sweeten the already great deal: a quick-detach quiver, two arrows, a CenterPoint 3x32mm calibrated and red/green illuminated scope, and a rope cocking device. Doing so rotates the cams 340 degrees and keeps them balanced along the way. HeliCoil gets its name from the helical grooves in the cams that allow the cables to “coil” away from the top and the bottom. The Centerpoint CP400 is primarily a hunting crossbow built around the company’s HeliCoil technology. Taylor Pardue What Kind of Crossbow Is the CenterPoint CP400? The axle-to-axle width on this CP400 is 10 1/2 inches uncocked, 6 inches cocked.
Reasons for the difference between our estimates and that of AerCap likely are the actual year-end value of the flight equipment as well as the depreciation formula used. That is fairly consistent with the 5% that AerCap claims to be its portfolio exposure to Russia. When keeping into mind lease returns, the percentages are 4.6 to 5.1 percent. Expressed as a percentage of all flight equipment value, AerCap had 5.1% of its fleet positioned in Russia and 5.7% when expressed as a percentage of commercial aircraft (does not included engine leases and helicopter leases). This includes the helicopter and engine leasing business. To that we should also add the flight equipment held for operating lease by GECAS which including adjustments would amount to $23.6 billion according to pro forma statements bringing the combined value to roughly $58 billion. Since AerCap has yet to provide its Q4 2021 and full year results we don’t know the exact value of the flight equipment by year-end but we do know that the value was $34.4 billion in Q3 2021. Using a steeper method, the value would be around $2.1 to $2.3 billion.įurther context needs to be provided by expressing this as a percentage of the flight equipment. Some aircraft seem to be stored outside of Russia, which makes repossession easier and when keeping this into account we saw around $2.7 billion worth of flight equipment currently locked in Russia for world’s biggest aircraft lessor. However, if we narrow this down to AerCap, we get to $3 billion for the combination of GECAS and AerCap. So, 70% of the leased flight equipment is provided by lessors outside of Russia. By doing so, we obtained an estimated $13.1 billion leased to Russian airlines by foreign lessors using a 25-year straight line depreciation and 5% salvage value. Of this $22.5 billion, $18.8 billion worth of equipment is leased and this can be narrowed down further when excluding Russian lessors. Our research covering nearly 950 aircraft resulted in an estimated value of $22.5 billion worth of flight equipment operated by Russian airlines. In order to get somewhat of an impression of the flight equipment that is exposed to Russian operators and laws that pave the way for the leased assets to be nationalized, we use the TAF Airline Fleet Monitor Russia.Īirline fleet Russia for AerCap (AeroAnalysis) Russian airlines smaller in the big picture ![]() In this report, I will have a closer look at the AerCap ( NYSE: AER) fleet in Russia, the insurance policy and I will provide a fair value estimate on shares of AerCap. In a recent report, I explained why Russia is highly dependent on leased aircraft and using the TAF Airline Fleet Monitor Russia I provided an estimate of the complete Russian airline fleet as well as the leased asset value, which stands at $20.4 billion dollars. The sanctions require lessors to wind down their business with Russian airlines but the way the sanctions have been implemented have made it nearly impossible to repossess a large quantity of aircraft. Following the invasion of Ukraine, sanctions have been imposed against Russia with the aerospace and airline industry being one of the main targets. Also in Russia, many aircraft are leased through Western lessors. Therefore, airlines often lease aircraft instead of owning the aircraft which also provides the operator with some flexibility. Financing such aircraft can be challenging for airlines. ![]() ![]() Including GECAS assets according to pro-forma statements this should be around $2.9 billion.Īircraft are complex machines that are worth tens of millions of dollars and the bigger wide body aircraft even have sales prices north of $150 million. Nantonov/iStock Editorial via Getty ImagesĪuthor's Note (): A previous version of this report mentioned an incorrect amount for AerCap's estimated value of assets in Russia. ![]() ![]() All electrical switches must be in OFF position.īefore fueling an aircraft by using the pressure fueling method, what important precaution should be observed? The truck pump pressure must be correct for that refueling system. Fuel to be used must be appropriately identified. Which of the following precautions is most important during refueling operations? All outside electrical sources must be disconnected from the aircraft. What is used in many aircraft to prevent bubbles in the fuel after it leaves the tank when atmospheric pressure is lower than fuel vapor pressure? Air-fuel separators. One of these problems is increasing viscosity of fuel as fuel temperature lowers at altitude. The use of turbine fuels in aircraft has resulted in some problems not normally associated with aviation gasolines. Converts fluid pressure directly through a transmitter to the indicator. Transmits electrical signal proportional to the fluid pressure. moisture ice crystals contamination.Ī transducer in a fuel pressure system serves what function? Transmits an electrical signal to the transmitter for fluid pressure. flapper check dump.įuel heaters are used with fuel systems for turbine engines to prevent _ in the fuel from clogging system filters. Many fuel tanks incorporate _ valves to prevent fuel from flowing away from the boost pump or tank outlet when the aircraft is in a high 'G' maneuver. Two inches.įuel baffles are installed in tanks to prevent _ caused by changes in the attitude of the aircraft. What is the minimum distance allowed between a fuel tank and the fire wall separating the engine? One-half inch. 1, 2, 3, and 4.Ī fuel system must be designed to prevent fuel-vapor ignition caused by over-heating. A damaged tank can be isolated from the rest of the fuel system. All engines can be fed from all tanks simultaneously.Ĥ. All tanks can be serviced through a single connection.ģ. Two fuel pumps for each engine.Ī typical large transport aircraft fuel manifold system allows how many of the following?ġ. ![]() How many engine driven fuel pumps per engine are required for engines requiring fuel pumps? Two engines can share one fuel pump. It divides the fuel and sends it to the injectors.įuel system components must be bonded and grounded in order to drain off static charges. It bypasses the engine shutoff valve if it fails. What is the primary purpose of the crossfeed system? It allows any tank to supply fuel to any engine. How many vents, arranged so that they are not likely to become plugged at the same time, must be used in multiengine fuel systems? Two. provides a means to maintain a balanced fuel load condition. reduces contamination and/or fire hazards during fueling or defueling operations. Normal fuel crossfeed system operation in multiengine aircraft calls for jettisoning of fuel overboard to correct lateral instability. Allow operation of the left engine when the right fuel-boost pump is inoperative. Allow operation of engines from one tank. (Refer to Figure 17.) What is the purpose of the pump crossfeed valve? Balance the fuel in the tanks. Which procedure must be followed when defueling aircraft with sweptback wings? Defuel all the tanks at one time. dump limit valves or a low-level circuit. gravity and engine-driven fuel pumps.įuel jettisoning past the limits prescribed by Federal Aviation Regulations is usually prevented by closely monitoring the fuel quantity and turning off the fuel dump switch(es). Federal Aviation Regulation Part 21, 43 and CAM 8.įuel is moved overboard in most fuel jettison systems by boost pumps. Federal Aviation Regulation Part 23, 25 and CAM 4b. What regulations cover the requirements of fuel jettisoning? Federal Aviation Regulation Part 43 and 91. Two interconnected systems.Ī fuel jettison system is required under certain conditions if the maximum takeoff weight exceeds the maximum landing weight. Which of the following is employed to maintain lateral stability when jettisoning fuel? Two separate independent systems. (2) During the fuel jettisoning operation, the fuel must discharge clear of any part of the airplane. (1) The fuel jettison valve must be designed to allow flight personnel to close the valve during any part of the jettisoning operation. The primary purpose of an aircraft's fuel jettison system is to quickly achieve a lower landing weight. through individual outlets for each tank. by gravity flow into the outboard wing tanks and overboard through a common outlet in each wing. ![]() Fuel jettisoning is usually accomplished through a common manifold and outlet in each wing. ![]() Tilting results in longer days in the northern hemisphere from the spring (vernal) equinox to the fall (autumnal) equinox and longer days in the southern hemisphere during the other 6 months. The 23.5° tilt in the Earth's axis of rotation is a more significant factor in determining the amount of sunlight striking the Earth at a particular location. ![]() However, the presence of vast oceans moderates the hotter summers and colder winters one would expect to see in the southern hemisphere as a result of this difference. The Earth is nearer the sun when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere. When the sun is nearer the Earth, the Earth's surface receives a little more solar energy. The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit and is closer to the sun during part of the year. Because the Earth is round, the frigid polar regions never get a high sun, and because of the tilted axis of rotation, these areas receive no sun at all during part of the year. ![]() The more slanted the sun's rays are, the longer they travel through the atmosphere, becoming more scattered and diffuse. When the sun's rays are vertical, the Earth's surface gets all the energy possible. The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the Earth's surface varies according to:īecause the Earth is round, the sun strikes the surface at different angles, ranging from 0° (just above the horizon) to 90° (directly overhead). Basic PrinciplesĮvery location on Earth receives sunlight at least part of the year. However, the technical feasibility and economical operation of these technologies at a specific location depends on the available solar resource. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. Lightning is an example of electrical energy in nature.Solar radiation, often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Typically, the energy in sound is smaller than in other forms of energy.Įlectrical energy is delivered by tiny, charged particles called electrons, that typically move through a wire. The energy is transferred through the substance in a wave. Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate. Sound is energy moving through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves. A dramatic example of motion energy is a car crash-a car comes to a total stop and releases all of its motion energy at once in an uncontrolled instant. It takes energy to get an object moving, and energy is released when an object slows down. The faster an object moves, the more energy is stored. Motion energy is energy stored in moving objects. Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the earth. Heat increases when these particles move faster. Thermal energy, or heat, is the energy that comes from the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance. Sunshine is radiant energy, which provides the fuel and warmth that make life on earth possible. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves. Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Kinetic energy is the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects. Hydropower is another example of gravitational energy, where gravity forces water down through a hydroelectric turbine to produce electricity. When a person rides a bicycle down a steep hill and picks up speed, the gravitational energy is converting to motion energy. The higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational energy is stored. Gravitational energy is energy stored in an object's height. Large amounts of energy can be released when the nuclei are combined or split apart. Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom-the energy that holds the nucleus together. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by tension. ![]() For example, chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when people burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine. Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of chemical energy. Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position.Ĭhemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. |
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